High levels of uric acid can also cause gouty arthritis, most commonly in the first metatarsal joint which is the base of the big toe.

高尿会导致痛风性关节炎，最常发生于第一跖骨关节即拇趾基底部。

Mainly, urea and uric acid producing even more ammonia.

同时尿素尿会产生更多氨。

The underlying cause is hyperuricemia— too much uric acid in the blood, which results in the formation of sharp, needle-like crystals, in areas with slow blood flow like the joints and the kidney tubules.

引起痛风原因是高尿血症，即血液中尿含量过高，过多尿会在血流缓慢地方，如关节腔肾小管，形成尖锐细针样结晶。

The fatty acids, urea, uric acid and lactate in the sebaceous film protect and hydrate the skin.

皮脂膜中脂肪、尿素、尿对皮肤有着保护滋润作。

Finally, there are some rare stones made of xanthine, which, just like uric acid, is a byproduct of purine breakdown.

最后，还有由黄嘌呤形成结石，同尿一样，是嘌呤分解副产物。

Individuals with chronic gout are also at an increased risk for developing kidney stones made of uric acid, as well as urate nephropathy, which is when urate crystals deposit in the interstitium of the kidney.

慢性痛风病人罹患尿性肾结石以及尿性肾病风险也会升高；尿性肾病中，尿结晶沉积于肾脏间质。

Uricosuric medications, like probenecid, increase excretion of uric acid by the kidneys.

促尿排泄药物，如丙磺舒，会提高尿肾脏排泄。

These stones, also like uric acid stones, are red-brown in color and radiolucent under an X-ray.

这类结石也像尿结石一样，呈红棕色，X射线可透过。

Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of purines to uric acid, so inhibiting this enzyme results in less uric acid production.

黄嘌呤氧化酶负责分解嘌呤为尿，所以抑制这个酶，就可以减少尿生成。

The most common type of stones are calcium oxalate stones, though other types include uric acid stones and struvite stones.

草钙结石是最常类型，其他类型结石有尿结石感染性结石。

Since uric acid is a breakdown product of purines, a very common reason for high levels of uric acid is consuming lots of purines.

由于尿是嘌呤分解产物，故高尿是大量摄入嘌呤结果。

There are also medications that help to decrease uric acid levels, which include xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol.

也有一些药物可以帮助降低尿含量，包括黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂，如别嘌醇。

A few of the common ones being aminoglycosides—a group of antibiotics, heavy metals like lead, myoglobin released from damaged muscles, ethylene glycol—essentially anti-freeze which is naturally sweet tasting and therefore a risk for poisoning children, radiocontrast dye, and uric acid.

其中一些常毒素是氨基糖苷类抗生素、重金属如铅、肌肉受损释放肌红蛋白、乙二醇、放射性对比剂以及尿等；其中乙二醇本质上是防冻剂，有甜味，因此是毒害孩子危险因素。

At a physiologic pH of about 7.4, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium and forms monosodium urate crystals.

在生理环境下，体液pH值约为7.4，此时尿会失去一个质子，变为尿离子；尿离子与钠离子结合，形成单钠尿盐结晶。

Another way crystals could form is from decreased clearance of uric acid, which can result from dehydration from not drinking enough water or from consumption of alcoholic beverages, both of allowing uric acid to precipitate out.

结晶另一种成因是尿清除减少，如由饮水过少引起脱水、大量饮酒等，这都会让尿更容易析出。

At a physiologic pH, uric acid loses a proton and becomes a urate ion, which then binds sodium, forming monosodium urate which crystallizes and ultimately forms uric acid stones.

生理PH值下，尿失去一个质子变成尿盐离子，随之与钠结合，形成单钠尿盐，结晶后最终形成尿结石。

There are also uric acid stones which are red-brown in color and radiolucent under an Xray, meaning that they're transparent to x-rays and don't show up very well.

另外还有呈红棕色尿结石，在X光片上不显影，说明X射线可以穿过它们，不能很好地显影。

Finally, there are some medications like thiazide diuretics and aspirin which can also increase the levels of uric acid and therefore the risk of gout.

最后，一些药物，如噻嗪类利尿剂、阿司匹林，也会提高尿水平，从而诱发痛风。

This inflammation and local pain's ultimately caused by white blood cells, or leukocytes, which migrate to the site to help eliminate uric acid and release proinflammatory chemicals, including cytokines.

炎症疼痛根本上都是由白细胞引起；白细胞从血液迁移至关节腔，帮助清除沉积尿，并释放大量炎症因子，包括细胞因子。

Also, some individuals have a genetic predisposition to overproduction of uric acid while others with chronic kidney disease may be unable to excrete the uric acid.

同时，某些个体遗传易感，倾向于过量生成尿；而慢性肾病病人因其无法正常排泄尿，也可能诱发痛风。